The SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators
The SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators
The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators.
The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition:
- The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by AND are TRUE.
- The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUE.
The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE.
AND Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;
OR Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;
NOT Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
AND Example
The following SQL statement selects all fields from "Customers" where country is "Germany" AND city is "Berlin":
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';
OR Example
The following SQL statement selects all fields from "Customers" where city is "Berlin" OR "München":
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City='Berlin' OR City='München';
The following SQL statement selects all fields from "Customers" where country is "Germany" OR "Spain":
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany' OR Country='Spain';
NOT Example
The following SQL statement selects all fields from "Customers" where country is NOT "Germany":
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE NOT Country='Germany';
Combining AND, OR and NOT
You can also combine the AND, OR and NOT operators.
The following SQL statement selects all fields from "Customers" where country is "Germany" AND city must be "Berlin" OR "München" (use parenthesis to form complex expressions):
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany' AND (City='Berlin' OR City='München');
The following SQL statement selects all fields from "Customers" where country is NOT "Germany" and NOT "USA":
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE NOT Country='Germany' AND NOT Country='USA';