DBMS Constraints

Constraints enforce limits to the data or type of data that can be inserted/updated/deleted from a table. The whole purpose of constraints is to maintain the data integrity during an update/delete/insert into a table. In this tutorial we will learn several types of constraints that can be created in RDBMS.

Types of constraints

NOT NULL

UNIQUE

DEFAULT

CHECK

Key Constraints – PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY

Domain constraints

Mapping constraints

NOT NULL:

NOT NULL constraint makes sure that a column does not hold NULL value. When we don’t provide value for a particular column while inserting a record into a table, it takes NULL value by default. By specifying NULL constraint, we can be sure that a particular column(s) cannot have NULL values.

Example

CREATE TABLE STUDENT( ROLL_NO INT NOT NULL, STU_NAME VARCHAR (35) NOT NULL, STU_AGE INT NOT NULL, STU_ADDRESS VARCHAR (235), PRIMARY KEY (ROLL_NO) );

UNIQUE:

UNIQUE Constraint enforces a column or set of columns to have unique values. If a column has a unique constraint, it means that particular column cannot have duplicate values in a table.

Example

CREATE TABLE STUDENT( ROLL_NO INT NOT NULL, STU_NAME VARCHAR (35) NOT NULL UNIQUE, STU_AGE INT NOT NULL, STU_ADDRESS VARCHAR (35) UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY (ROLL_NO) );

DEFAULT:

The DEFAULT constraint provides a default value to a column when there is no value provided while inserting a record into a table.

Example

CREATE TABLE STUDENT( ROLL_NO INT NOT NULL, STU_NAME VARCHAR (35) NOT NULL, STU_AGE INT NOT NULL, EXAM_FEE INT DEFAULT 10000, STU_ADDRESS VARCHAR (35) , PRIMARY KEY (ROLL_NO) );

CHECK:

This constraint is used for specifying range of values for a particular column of a table. When this constraint is being set on a column, it ensures that the specified column must have the value falling in the specified range.

Example

CREATE TABLE STUDENT( ROLL_NO INT NOT NULL CHECK(ROLL_NO >1000) , STU_NAME VARCHAR (35) NOT NULL, STU_AGE INT NOT NULL, EXAM_FEE INT DEFAULT 10000, STU_ADDRESS VARCHAR (35) , PRIMARY KEY (ROLL_NO) );

In the above example we have set the check constraint on ROLL_NO column of STUDENT table. Now, the ROLL_NO field must have the value greater than 1000.

Key constraints: PRIMARY KEY:

Primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table. It must have unique values and cannot contain nulls. In the below example the ROLL_NO field is marked as primary key, that means the ROLL_NO field cannot have duplicate and null values.

Example

CREATE TABLE STUDENT( ROLL_NO INT NOT NULL, STU_NAME VARCHAR (35) NOT NULL UNIQUE, STU_AGE INT NOT NULL, STU_ADDRESS VARCHAR (35) UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY (ROLL_NO) );

FOREIGN KEY:

Foreign keys are the columns of a table that points to the primary key of another table. They act as a cross-reference between tables.

Domain constraints:

Each table has certain set of columns and each column allows a same type of data, based on its data type. The column does not accept values of any other data type. Domain constraints are user defined data type and we can define them like this:

Domain Constraint = data type + Constraints (NOT NULL / UNIQUE / PRIMARY KEY / FOREIGN KEY / CHECK / DEFAULT)

Mapping Cardinality:

One to One: An entity of entity-set A can be associated with at most one entity of entity-set B and an entity in entity-set B can be associated with at most one entity of entity-set A.

One to Many: An entity of entity-set A can be associated with any number of entities of entity-set B and an entity in entity-set B can be associated with at most one entity of entity-set A.

Many to One: An entity of entity-set A can be associated with at most one entity of entity-set B and an entity in entity-set B can be associated with any number of entities of entity-set A.

Many to Many: An entity of entity-set A can be associated with any number of entities of entity-set B and an entity in entity-set B can be associated with any number of entities of entity-set A.

We can have these constraints in place while creating tables in database.

CREATE TABLE Customer ( customer_id int PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, first_name varchar(20), last_name varchar(20) ); CREATE TABLE Order ( order_id int PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, customer_id int, order_details varchar(50), constraint fk_Customers foreign key (customer_id) references dbo.Customer );