Strings in C++

Strings are words that are made up of characters, hence they are known as sequence of characters. In C++ we have two ways to create and use strings: 1) By creating char arrays and treat them as string 2) By creating string object.

Lets discuss these two ways of creating string first and then we will see which method is better and why.

1) Array of Characters - Also known as C Strings

#include <iostream>  
using namespace std;  
int main(){     
char book[50] = "A Song of Ice and Fire";     
cout<<book;     
return 0;  }

Output

A Song of Ice and Fire

Example 2: Passing multidimensional array to function

In this example we are passing a multidimensional array to the function square which displays the square of each element.

#include <iostream>  
using namespace std;  
int main(){     
char book[50];     
cout<<"Enter your favorite book name:";     
//reading user input     
cin>>book;     
cout<<"You entered: "<<book;     
return 0;  
}

Output

You can see that only the "The" got captured in the book and remaining part after space got ignored. How to deal with this then? Well, for this we can use cin.get function, which reads the complete line entered by user.

#include <iostream>  
using namespace std;  
int main(){     
char book[50];     
cout<<"Enter your favorite book name:";        
//reading user input     
cin.get(book, 50);     
cout<<"You entered: "<<book;     
return 0;  
}

Drawback of this method

1) Size of the char array is fixed, which means the size of the string created through it is fixed in size, more memory cannot be allocated to it during runtime. For example, lets say you have created an array of character with the size 10 and user enters the string of size 15 then the last five characters would be truncated from the string.
On the other hand if you create a larger array to accommodate user input then the memory is wasted if the user input is small and array is much larger then what is needed.

2) In this method, you can only use the in-built functions created for array which don't help much in string manipulation.

What is the solution of these problems?
We can create string using string object. Lets see how we can do it.

#include<iostream>  
using namespace std;  
int main(){     
// This is how we create string object     
string str;     
cout<<"Enter a String:";     
/* This is used to get the user input      
* and store it into str      */     
getline(cin,str);     
cout<<"You entered: ";     
cout<<str<<endl;       
/* This function adds a character at      
* the end of the string      */ 
str.push_back('A');     
cout<<"The string after push_back: "<<str<<endl;     
/* This function deletes a character from      
* the end of the string      */     
str.pop_back();     
cout << "The string after pop_back: "<<str<<endl;     
return 0;  
}

The advantage of using this method is that you need not to declare the size of the string, the size is determined at run time, so this is better memory management method. The memory is allocated dynamically at runtime so no memory is wasted.